Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation
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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses
Published on: July 2, 2012
Oguzhan Balki1, Hani E Elsayed-Ali1
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Applied Research Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
Laser ablation of carbon targets with Nd:YAG laser pulses generates carbon ions up to C4+. Ion energy and charge state increase with laser fluence, with optimal ion generation occurring when the focal spot is 1.9 mm in front of the target.
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