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Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...
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Counterfactual Thinking01:19

Counterfactual Thinking

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Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy01:24

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

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Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
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Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy01:25

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

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Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
Arbitrary Inference
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
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Posttraumatic Rumination: Content, Correlates, and Processes.

Christine E Valdez1, Michelle M Lilly2

  • 1California State University, Monterey Bay.

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|December 3, 2016
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Maladaptive trauma rumination involves persistent, problematic trauma beliefs. This repetitive thinking, especially brooding, predicts negative emotions and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Trauma Studies
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Trauma-related rumination predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • Characteristics of trauma-related rumination remain underexplored.
  • Understanding rumination is crucial for PTSD treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the content, correlates, and processes of trauma-related rumination.
  • To investigate rumination during a trauma-specific repetitive thinking interview.
  • To identify features of maladaptive rumination in survivors of violence.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative coding of a trauma-specific repetitive thinking interview.
  • Assessment of 63 female survivors of violence.
  • Questionnaires measuring trauma-related pathology.

Main Results:

  • Most participants exhibited problematic trauma beliefs (assimilated/overaccommodated).
  • Problematic beliefs correlated with baseline posttraumatic sequelae.
  • Brooding mediated the link between rumination and problematic beliefs.
  • State negative emotions predicted post-interview negative emotions.

Conclusions:

  • Maladaptive trauma rumination is defined by perseveration on problematic beliefs.
  • Findings highlight the role of cognitive processes in PTSD.
  • Implications for trauma-focused therapies are discussed.