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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Wild-type Blocking PCR Combined with Direct Sequencing as a Highly Sensitive Method for Detection of Low-Frequency Somatic Mutations
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The Warburg effect: 80 years on.

Michelle Potter1, Emma Newport1, Karl J Morten1

  • 1Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Women Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|December 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cancer cells exhibit altered energy metabolism, with the Warburg effect not universally applicable across all tumor types. This review explores cancer

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Early research (Warburg, Cori, 1920s) noted high glucose uptake and lactate production in cancer cells, suggesting glycolysis over mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • This led to the assumption of dysfunctional mitochondria in cancer cells.
  • However, modern research confirms functional mitochondria in many cancer types, challenging the universal applicability of the Warburg effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review metabolic reprogramming in cancer.
  • To explore explanations for high glucose consumption in cancer cells.
  • To suggest experimental best practices for studying cancer metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of influential research and recent advances in cancer metabolism.
Keywords:
Warburg effectcancerglycolysismitochondrial respiration

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  • Discussion of bioenergetic alterations in different tumor populations.
  • Analysis of experimental approaches for studying cancer cell metabolism.

    • Main Results:

    • The Warburg effect (high glycolysis, lactate production) is not a universal characteristic of all cancer cells.
    • Tumor populations exhibit diverse bioenergetic adaptations to meet high energy demands.
    • Mitochondria in cancer cells are functional across various tumor types.

    Conclusions:

    • Cancer cell metabolism is highly adaptable and heterogeneous.
    • Understanding these diverse metabolic strategies is crucial for developing targeted cancer therapies.
    • Refined experimental methods are needed to accurately study cancer metabolism.