High thermoelectricpower factor in graphene/hBN devices

Fast and controllable cooling at nanoscales requires a combination of highly efficient passive cooling and active cooling. Although passive cooling in graphene-based devices is quite effective due to graphene's extraordinary heat conduction, active cooling has not been considered feasible due to graphene's low thermoelectric power factor. Here, we show that the thermoelectric performance of graphene can be significantly improved by using hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) substrates instead of SiO₂ We find the room temperature efficiency of active cooling in the device, as gauged by the power factor times temperature, reaches values as high as 10.35 W⋅m^-1⋅K^-1, corresponding to more than doubling the highest reported room temperature bulk power factors, 5 W⋅m^-1⋅K^-1, in YbAl₃, and quadrupling the best 2D power factor, 2.5 W⋅m^-1⋅K^-1, in MoS₂ We further show that the Seebeck coefficient provides a direct measure of substrate-induced random potential fluctuations and that their significant reduction for hBN substrates enables fast gate-controlled switching of the Seebeck coefficient polarity for applications in integrated active cooling devices.