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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
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Specific Stimuli Induce Specific Adaptations: Sensorimotor Training vs. Reactive Balance Training.

Kathrin Freyler1, Anne Krause1, Albert Gollhofer1

  • 1Department of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

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Summary

Balance training specificity matters. Sensorimotor training (SMT) and reactive balance training (RBT) showed context-specific improvements in postural sway and muscle co-contraction, highlighting tailored approaches for better outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Balance training is crucial for functional outcomes.
  • Static and reactive balance training modalities exist.
  • Differences in functional outcomes between these modalities are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neuromuscular adaptations to static sensorimotor training (SMT) and reactive balance training (RBT).
  • To explore the specificity of training effects in relation to test paradigms.
  • To determine if training specificity transfers to corresponding test settings.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-eight subjects were assigned to either SMT or RBT for four weeks.
  • Postural sway and electromyographic activity of shank and thigh muscles were measured pre- and post-intervention.
  • Co-contraction indices (CCI) were calculated to assess neuromuscular control.

Main Results:

  • Postural sway decreased in both groups across all test paradigms.
  • Greater improvements were observed when training and test paradigms matched.
  • Specific adaptations in CCI were noted: RBT reduced thigh muscle CCI more, while SMT reduced shank muscle CCI more.

Conclusions:

  • Balance training interventions induce context-specific neuromuscular adaptations.
  • The specificity of training influences the resulting functional outcomes.
  • Combining RBT with SMT may enhance fall prevention by engaging proximal muscle control.