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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
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Microbiota Diurnal Rhythmicity Programs Host Transcriptome Oscillations.

Christoph A Thaiss1, Maayan Levy1, Tal Korem2

  • 1Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.

Cell
|December 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiota

Keywords:
biogeographychronopharmacologycircadian clockdiurnal rhythmmetabolomemetagenomemicrobiometranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Chronobiology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • The gut microbiota exhibits daily rhythms influencing metabolic health.
  • Mechanisms linking microbial rhythms to host circadian activity are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how gut microbial rhythms influence host circadian activity.
  • To elucidate the role of microbial biogeography and metabolome in host rhythm regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics) and imaging techniques.
  • Analysis of diurnal changes in microbial localization and metabolite profiles.
  • Assessment of host transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolite oscillations.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbiota displays oscillating localization and metabolome patterns.
  • Diurnal microbial activity dictates host epithelial exposure to bacteria and metabolites.
  • Microbial rhythms drive host circadian transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolite oscillations.
  • Disrupted microbiome rhythmicity leads to genome-wide oscillations in host tissues, affecting physiology and disease.

Conclusions:

  • Rhythmic gut microbiota biogeography and metabolome are crucial for temporal organization of host circadian programs.
  • Microbial rhythmicity regulates the functional outcomes of host transcriptional and epigenetic processes.
  • Disruption of microbial rhythmicity has profound systemic effects on host physiology and disease susceptibility.