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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions
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Statistical considerations for reporting and planning heart rate variability case-control studies.

Daniel S Quintana1

  • 1NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Psychophysiology
|December 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed 297 heart rate variability (HRV) effect sizes, finding Cohen

Keywords:
Effect sizeHeart rate variabilitySample sizeStatistical power

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biostatistics
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is crucial for understanding cardiac autonomic control.
  • Current interpretation of effect sizes in HRV research often relies on Cohen's general guidelines.
  • These guidelines may not accurately reflect the specific distribution of effect sizes in HRV studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the effect size distribution (ESD) from 297 between-group/case-control HRV studies.
  • To propose updated benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes in HRV research.
  • To provide guidance on sample size calculations for adequately powered HRV studies.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted an effect size distribution (ESD) analysis on 297 HRV effect sizes from published studies.
  • Calculated the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the observed effect sizes.
  • Performed power calculations based on the derived ESD to suggest appropriate sample sizes.

Main Results:

  • The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of HRV effect sizes were found to be 0.26, 0.51, and 0.88, respectively.
  • Cohen's guidelines appear to underestimate small and large effect sizes in HRV research.
  • Many HRV studies may be underpowered, necessitating larger sample sizes for robust findings.

Conclusions:

  • Recommended updated effect size benchmarks for HRV studies: 0.25 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.9 (large).
  • Emphasized the need for researchers to use HRV-specific ESD data for accurate interpretation and power analysis.
  • Encouraged the use of provided analysis scripts and datasets for custom power and ESD calculations in HRV research.