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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Effect of small molecules on cell reprogramming.

M Baranek1, A Belter1, M Z Naskręt-Barciszewska1

  • 1Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland. mbaranek@ibch.poznan.pl jan.barciszewski@ibch.poznan.pl.

Molecular Biosystems
|December 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecules can induce pluripotency in mature cells, offering a promising alternative to traditional reprogramming factors for regenerative medicine. This approach enhances stem cell therapy by improving efficiency and reducing risks like immunogenicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Regenerative medicine aims to repair or replace tissues using patient-specific implants.
  • Pluripotent stem cells, particularly induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are crucial for generating tissues in vitro.
  • Cellular reprogramming involves reverting mature cells to a pluripotent state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of small molecules in inducing pluripotency.
  • To explore how these compounds can enhance stem cell reprogramming efficiency and safety.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying small molecule-mediated pluripotency induction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing literature on small molecule compounds and pluripotency induction.
  • Review of studies investigating the modulation of enzymes and receptors by small molecules.
  • Examination of epigenetic changes during cellular reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules can act as effective inducers of pluripotency, potentially replacing traditional reprogramming factors.
  • Optimizing small molecule concentrations is critical due to their dosage-dependent effect on gene expression.
  • Research focuses on increasing reprogramming efficiency, accelerating kinetics, and minimizing immunogenicity and tumorigenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecules represent a significant advancement in stem cell reprogramming for regenerative medicine.
  • Understanding their mechanisms deepens our knowledge of stem cell biology and therapeutic potential.
  • Further research into novel small molecule derivatives can improve cell reprogramming outcomes.