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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Exploring dynamic surface processes during silicate mineral (wollastonite) dissolution with liquid cell TEM.

D N Leonard1, R Hellmann2,3

  • 1Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Journal of Microscopy
|December 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method using focused ion beam (FIB) milling for studying micrometre-sized materials in liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LC TEM). This technique enabled in situ observation of wollastonite dissolution, revealing time-dependent and anisotropic surface retreat rates.

Keywords:
Bulk dissolution ratecrystalline wollastonite minerallamella preparation by FIBliquid cell TEMstep edge and terrace movementsurface retreat rates

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LC TEM) is typically limited to nanoscale materials due to sample preparation challenges.
  • Studying micrometre-sized materials in situ offers significant advantages over nanoscale counterparts.
  • Micrometre-scale sample preparation for LC TEM from bulk materials is particularly difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate an innovative sample preparation technique for observing micrometre-sized materials using LC TEM.
  • To investigate the in situ dissolution of wollastonite, a calcium silicate mineral, at the micrometre scale.
  • To measure surface dynamics, including step and terrace edge movement, during mineral dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized focused ion beam (FIB) milling to create micrometre-sized, electron-transparent lamellae from bulk wollastonite.
  • Developed a method to weld these lamellae to a liquid cell substrate for in situ TEM observation.
  • Conducted experiments in a liquid cell with a 5-μm spacer, using deionized water at ambient temperature to study wollastonite dissolution over nearly 5 hours.

Main Results:

  • Successfully prepared and observed micrometre-sized wollastonite lamellae in situ within a liquid cell using TEM.
  • Observed and quantified the movement of surface steps and terraces during wollastonite dissolution.
  • Discovered that the rates of surface feature retreat were not constant over time and exhibited anisotropic behavior based on crystallographic orientation.
  • Determined bulk dissolution rates for wollastonite (1.6-4.2 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹) consistent with literature values.

Conclusions:

  • The novel FIB milling and welding technique is effective for preparing and studying micrometre-sized materials in LC TEM.
  • In situ observation revealed complex, time-dependent, and anisotropic surface dynamics during wollastonite dissolution.
  • This approach provides valuable insights into mineral dissolution mechanisms at the micrometre scale, bridging the gap between nanoscale and bulk studies.