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Risk factors in congenital heart disease
1Institut de Puériculture, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Strasbourg, France.
Insights
Congenital heart disease (CHD) risk factors include lower birth weight, length, and head circumference. Infants with CHD and other malformations often had pregnancy complications like hydramnios.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Cardiology
- Genetics
Background:
- Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects a significant number of newborns.
- Understanding risk factors is crucial for early detection and intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate various risk factors associated with congenital heart disease in infants.
- To identify correlations between CHD, non-cardiac malformations, and genetic syndromes.
Main Methods:
- A case-control study involving 801 children with CHD and 105,374 live births.
- Screening of demographic, anthropometric, genetic, and environmental factors.
- Calculation of odds ratios for identified risk factors.
Main Results:
- Children with CHD exhibited lower birth weight, length, and head circumference compared to controls.
- Pregnancies with CHD cases showed increased incidence of hydramnios and threatened abortions.
- Extracardiac malformations were ten times more common in children with CHD.
Conclusions:
- Birth anthropometrics and placental weight are significant indicators for CHD risk.
- The co-occurrence of CHD with other malformations suggests complex etiological pathways.
- First-degree relatives of CHD patients have a higher incidence of both CHD and non-cardiac malformations.
Abstract:
Risk factors were studied in 801 children with congenital heart disease (CHD) coming from 105,374 consecutive births of known outcome. The incidence of CHD was 7.60%. Diagnosis was performed in 66.5% of the cases during the perinatal period. Two-hundred-fifty seven of the cases also had at least one non-cardiac malformation (multiply malformed). Ninety-two cardiac infants (11.47%) had recognized chromosomal and non-chromosomal syndromes. The most frequent noncardiac malformations were renal, digestive and limb anomalies. For each case a control was studied. The following features were screened: sex ratio, parity and previous pregnancies, parental age, residency, education, ethnic origin, length, head circumference and weight at birth, genetic and environmental factors. Odds ratio values were calculated for the risk factors. Weight, length and head circumference at birth of cardiac infants were less than those of controls. The weight of placenta was also lower than in controls. The pregnancy with CHD was more often complicated by hydramnios and threatened abortions, except in infants with isolated CHD. Oliogoamnios was more frequent in pregnancies producing multiply malformed infants and those with recognized syndromes with CHD. One out of four children with CHD had an extracardiac malformation, which is ten times the rate of incidence of malformation in our population. The incidence of CHD in first degree relatives of these infants was 3.0%. These first degree relatives also had more non-cardiac malformations than did those of the controls.