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Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
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Actin and myosin or actomyosin filaments also play a significant role in cells other than those involved in muscle contraction (which occurs within the sarcomere of muscle cells). The mechanism of non-muscle cell contractile bundles was first observed in Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba. In non-muscle cells, two bundles are commonly found: stress fibers and actomyosin adherence belts. These contractile bundles are smaller and less organized than the ones found in muscle cells. They  are held...
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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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The Mechanics of Poro-Elastic Contractile Actomyosin Networks As a Model System of the Cell Cytoskeleton
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Constriction by Dynamin: Elasticity versus Adhesion.

Zachary A McDargh1, Pablo Vázquez-Montejo2, Jemal Guven3

  • 1Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Biophysical Journal
|December 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamin proteins form helical spirals to sever cell division necks. This study models elastic filaments on curved surfaces to understand the mechanics of this crucial cellular fission step.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Mechanics

Background:

  • Cellular fission requires severing the neck between membrane compartments.
  • Dynamin proteins polymerize into helical spirals around these necks to facilitate fission.
  • The precise mechanical mechanism by which dynamin achieves this severing is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanics of dynamin-mediated cell division using a simplified model.
  • To understand the behavior of elastic helical filaments confined to curved surfaces, mimicking the cell neck.
  • To determine the factors influencing filament length, shape, and forces exerted.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling an elastic helical filament adsorbed onto a catenoid surface, representing the cell neck.
  • Analyzing the forces and torques exerted by the filament based on its confinement.
  • Investigating the relationship between model parameters and filament characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The study explores the implications of confining elastic filaments to curved surfaces.
  • It aims to predict filament length, shape, and forces as a function of model parameters.
  • Provides a baseline understanding for more complex dynamin mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding minimal models is essential before proposing complex mechanisms for dynamin.
  • This work provides a foundation for future research into the evolution and mechanics of cellular machinery.
  • The mechanical challenges of confining elastic filaments to curved surfaces are key to understanding dynamin's function.