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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
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Immunometabolic Pathways in BCG-Induced Trained Immunity.

Rob J W Arts1, Agostinho Carvalho2, Claudia La Rocca3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Cell Reports
|December 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) enhances trained immunity in monocytes by increasing glycolysis. This metabolic shift is crucial for BCG-induced histone modifications and functional changes, paving the way for novel vaccine strategies.

Keywords:
BCGepigeneticsglycolysisimmunometabolismmonocytestrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) confers protection against unrelated infections through trained immunity.
  • Trained immunity involves long-term metabolic and chromatin changes in innate immune cells like monocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cellular metabolism in BCG-induced trained immunity.
  • To elucidate the link between glycolysis, histone modifications, and trained immunity.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo models using monocytes from mice and humans.
  • Assessment of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and glutamine metabolism.
  • Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of glycolysis enzymes.
  • Analysis of histone modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K9me3).

Main Results:

  • BCG vaccination significantly increases glycolysis and glutamine metabolism in monocytes.
  • Inhibition of glycolysis impairs BCG-induced trained immunity and associated histone modifications.
  • Glycolysis is essential for BCG-induced epigenetic changes and functional outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A metabolic shift towards glycolysis is critical for inducing trained immunity by BCG.
  • Targeting metabolic pathways could lead to new vaccine strategies combining immunological and metabolic stimulation.