Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

4.2K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
4.2K
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

5.1K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
5.1K
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

1.6K
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
1.6K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

10.5K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
10.5K
Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

6.0K
Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
6.0K
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

2.2K
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Cerebral Basis for Visual Discomfort and Visual Stress.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Homonymous hemianopia in posterior cortical atrophy: right-left asymmetry, progression over time and relationship to the classical neuropsychological deficits.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness is associated with attention and predicts risk states of dementia.

Brain communications·2025
Same author

Unveiling the Riddoch phenomenon: a regression analysis of stroke-induced homonymous hemianopia.

Frontiers in neurology·2025
Same author

"Do You Hear What I Hear?" Speech and Voice Alterations in Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review.

Journal of clinical medicine·2025
Same author

Preserved motion perception and the density of cortical projections to V5 in homonymous hemianopia.

Brain communications·2024
Same journal

Recurrent falls while taking clozapine.

Practical neurology·2026
Same journal

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: diagnosis, management and multisystem care.

Practical neurology·2026
Same journal

Neurological signs of possible diagnostic value in the cognitive clinic: past, present and future.

Practical neurology·2026
Same journal

Orofacial pain beyond trigeminal neuralgia.

Practical neurology·2026
Same journal

Management of subdural haematoma: a practical guide.

Practical neurology·2026
Same journal

Cerebrospinal fluid tap test in normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Practical neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
06:30

Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats

Published on: May 23, 2025

1.1K

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia.

Jonathan D Virgo1,2, Gordon T Plant1,2,3

  • 1Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.

Practical Neurology
|December 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brainstem lesions affecting the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) cause internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), impacting conjugate horizontal gaze. This review details MLF anatomy, INO

Keywords:
Internuclear ophthalmoplegiamedial longitudinal fasciculus

More Related Videos

A Surgical Approach for Optic Nerve Crush in a Rabbit Model
06:15

A Surgical Approach for Optic Nerve Crush in a Rabbit Model

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.5K
Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents
10:10

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

2.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
06:30

Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats

Published on: May 23, 2025

1.1K
A Surgical Approach for Optic Nerve Crush in a Rabbit Model
06:15

A Surgical Approach for Optic Nerve Crush in a Rabbit Model

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.5K
Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents
10:10

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

2.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a crucial neural pathway for coordinating eye movements.
  • Lesions within the MLF, regardless of etiology, can lead to specific ophthalmological deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the anatomical basis of internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO).
  • To review the characteristic clinical manifestations of INO.
  • To discuss related conditions such as conjugate horizontal gaze palsy and INO-plus syndromes.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical review of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
  • Clinical case analysis and literature review of internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
  • Description of associated neurological syndromes.

Main Results:

  • MLF lesions disrupt conjugate horizontal gaze, leading to impaired ipsilateral adduction and contralateral abducting nystagmus.
  • Specific clinical signs are indicative of MLF involvement.
  • INO can be associated with other gaze abnormalities, forming 'INO-plus' syndromes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding MLF anatomy is key to diagnosing INO.
  • INO presents with a distinct pattern of eye movement abnormalities.
  • Further investigation into INO-plus syndromes is warranted.