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Related Concept Videos

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

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Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers01:12

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Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers01:20

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Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

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Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
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Dysrhythmias VII: Nursing Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

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Nursing management of dysrhythmias involves the following:AssessmentSubjective Assessment:The initial step involves gathering patient-reported symptoms such as dizziness, palpitations, and chest discomfort. It is crucial to collect a detailed history, including previous heart conditions, current medication use, and lifestyle factors like caffeine and alcohol consumption.Objective Assessment:This involves observing clinical signs such as jugular venous distention, cool and pale skin, and...
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Defibrotide.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Formulary Monograph Service provides monthly drug monographs and utilization evaluations for Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. This service aids in informed drug decision-making and formulary management for healthcare facilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Clinical Pharmacy
    • Health Outcomes Research

    Background:

    • Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) Committees require timely, evidence-based information for drug evaluation and formulary management.
    • New drug approvals and late-stage clinical trial data necessitate comprehensive reviews for clinical decision-making.
    • Drug utilization evaluations (DUEs) and medication use evaluations (MUEs) are critical for optimizing medication therapy and ensuring patient safety.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees with well-documented monographs on newly released or late-phase drugs.
    • To offer concise summary monographs for pharmacy and nursing in-services and agenda planning.
    • To deliver comprehensive drug utilization/medication use evaluations for ongoing medication management.

    Main Methods:

    • Publication of 5-6 detailed monographs per month covering new and investigational drugs.
    • Inclusion of 1-page summary monographs for broader clinical staff education.
    • Provision of a comprehensive drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation monthly.

    Main Results:

    • Subscribers receive monthly updates on key pharmaceutical agents, including apaziquone, crisaborole, irinotecan liposome, plecanatide, and telotristat (November 2016).
    • A dedicated Safety MUE focused on methylnaltrexone PO was provided.
    • Monographs are accessible online and can be customized to facility-specific needs.

    Conclusions:

    • The Formulary Monograph Service supports informed drug selection and management for healthcare institutions.
    • Accessible and customizable drug information empowers P&T Committees and clinical staff.
    • Regular updates and evaluations facilitate evidence-based medication use and safety.