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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts01:15

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

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In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution of...
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Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts01:18

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

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Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Screw: Problem Solving01:21

Screw: Problem Solving

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In mechanical engineering, the interaction between a threaded screw shaft and a plate gear involves analyzing the resisting torque on the plate gear that can be overpowered when a specific torsional moment is applied to the shaft. To better comprehend this concept, consider a generic situation with a threaded screw shaft with a given mean radius and lead and a plate gear with a specified mean radius. The coefficient of static friction between the screw and gear is also provided.
To evaluate the...
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Stresses in a Shaft01:18

Stresses in a Shaft

985
The shaft PQ is subjected to a twisting force when equal and opposite torques are applied on either side. A section that cuts perpendicular to the shaft's axis at any arbitrary point R is examined to understand this. When the free-body diagram of the QR segment is analyzed, it reveals the shearing forces exerted by the PR portion onto the QR segment as the shaft experiences twisting.
Applying equilibrium conditions to the QR segment establishes that the internal shearing forces within the...
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Torque differences according to tooth morphology and bracket placement: a finite element study.

Spyridon N Papageorgiou1,2, Iosif Sifakakis3, Ludger Keilig2,4

  • 1Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

European Journal of Orthodontics
|December 10, 2016
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Summary

Tooth anatomy and bracket factors significantly influence maxillary incisor torque. Bracket positioning impacts crown displacement, while prescription affects apex movement and bracket stress. PDL strains depend on crown-root angle and positioning.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Mechanics

Background:

  • Maxillary incisor torque is crucial for dental esthetics and occlusion.
  • Torque expression is influenced by various biomechanical and anatomical factors.
  • Understanding these influences is key for effective orthodontic treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the relative effects of tooth morphology, bracket prescription, and bracket positioning on incisor torque.
  • To analyze tooth displacement, periodontal ligament (PDL) strains, and bracket stresses using finite element analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D finite element model of a maxillary central incisor, PDL, and alveolus was created.
  • Variations in crown-root angle (CRA), bracket prescription (0°, 12°, 22°), and bracket positioning were simulated.
  • Buccal root torque was applied, and displacement, strains, and stresses were calculated.

Main Results:

  • Bracket positioning significantly affected palatal crown displacement (up to 94%).
  • Bracket prescription and positioning influenced buccal apex displacement (up to 42% and 23%, respectively).
  • PDL strains were mainly affected by CRA (up to 54%) and positioning (up to 45%), while bracket prescription significantly impacted bracket stresses (up to 144%).

Conclusions:

  • Tooth anatomy (CRA) and orthodontic appliance characteristics (bracket prescription, positioning) are critical factors in torque application.
  • In silico findings require in vivo validation for clinical extrapolation.