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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

15.7K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
15.7K
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

135.9K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
135.9K
Introduction to Chemical Bonds01:01

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

13.1K
Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
13.1K
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

60.3K
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
60.3K
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

75.6K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
75.6K
Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules02:35

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

65.8K
Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
Four types of noncovalent interactions are hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
Hydrogen bonding results from the electrostatic attraction of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a strong-electronegative atom like oxygen,...
65.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Hemibonding between Water Cation and Water.

Daniel M Chipman1

  • 1Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5674, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|December 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The water dimer cation can form a stable hemibonded structure with minimal energy. This finding offers insights into observing hemibonded cations in irradiated water.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • The water dimer cation is a key species in understanding water ionization.
  • Investigating alternative structures beyond the proton-transferred state is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the hemibonding interaction in the water dimer cation.
  • To explore the energetic landscape and spectroscopic properties of this cation.

Main Methods:

  • Coupled cluster electronic structure calculations.
  • Analysis of potential energy surfaces and reaction pathways.
  • Simulation of optical absorption and resonance Raman spectra.

Main Results:

  • The hemibonded water dimer cation represents a local minimum, accessible with no energetic hindrance from the vertically ionized neutral dimer.

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  • A significant energy barrier exists for conversion to the proton-transferred structure.
  • The cation exhibits near-UV absorption bands with large oscillator strengths, and its intermolecular stretching mode is strongly enhanced in resonance Raman spectroscopy.

    • Conclusions:

    • The hemibonded cation is an energetically accessible and potentially observable species.
    • Spectroscopic signatures, particularly from the intermolecular stretch, can aid in its detection.
    • These findings guide the experimental search for hemibonded cations in irradiated liquid water.