Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 10, 2026

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
Published on: June 8, 2022
Characterization and Prediction of Cardiovascular Effects of Fingolimod and Siponimod Using a Systems Pharmacology
Nelleke Snelder1, Bart A Ploeger1, Olivier Luttringer1
1Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands (N.S., B.A.P., M.D.); LAP&P Consultants BV, Leiden, The Netherlands (N.S., M.D.); Modeling and Simulation Department, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (O.L., D.R.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (D.F.R., D.F., F.F., M.B., L.J.), and Cardiovascular Clinical Development (R.L.W.), Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey.
Abstract:
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists are associated with cardiovascular effects in humans. This study aims to develop a systems pharmacology model to identify the site of action (i.e., primary hemodynamic response variable) of S1P receptor agonists, and to predict, in a quantitative manner, the cardiovascular effects of novel S1P receptor agonists in vivo. The cardiovascular effects of once-daily fingolimod (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and siponimod (3 and 15 mg/kg) were continuously recorded in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats. The results were analyzed using a recently developed systems cardiovascular pharmacology model, i.e. the CVS model; total peripheral resistance and heart rate were identified as the site of action for fingolimod. Next, the CVS model was interfaced with an S1P agonist pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model. This combined model adequately predicted, in a quantitative manner, the cardiovascular effects of siponimod using in vitro binding assays. In conclusion, the combined CVS and S1P agonist PKPD model adequately describes the hemodynamic effects of S1P receptor agonists in rats and constitutes a basis for the prediction, in a strictly quantitative manner, of the cardiovascular effects of novel S1P receptor agonists.
Related Concept Videos
Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions
Pharmacodynamic Models: Overview
Pharmacodynamic Models: Direct Effect Model and Indirect Response Model
Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model
Pharmacodynamic Models: Additive and Proportional Drug Effect Model
Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...

