Characterization and Prediction of Cardiovascular Effects of Fingolimod and Siponimod Using a Systems Pharmacology

Nelleke Snelder1, Bart A Ploeger1, Olivier Luttringer1

  • 1Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands (N.S., B.A.P., M.D.); LAP&P Consultants BV, Leiden, The Netherlands (N.S., M.D.); Modeling and Simulation Department, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (O.L., D.R.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (D.F.R., D.F., F.F., M.B., L.J.), and Cardiovascular Clinical Development (R.L.W.), Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey.

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