Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amides to Amines: LiAlH₄ Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

Abdominal Aorta

Abdominal Aorta

Once the aorta traverses the diaphragmatic plane at the aortic hiatus, it is known as the abdominal aorta. This anatomical structure is positioned leftward of the spinal column, encased within a cocoon of adipose tissue behind the peritoneal cavity. It terminates at the L4 vertebra, where it splits into the common iliac arteries. Prior to this bifurcation, the abdominal aorta gives rise to several vital branches.
The celiac trunk, a singular artery, divides into the left gastric artery, which...

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...

Aliasing

Aliasing

Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original...

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Circulating metabolites and fatty acids associated with ultra-processed food consumption: results from the EPIC study.

Critical reviews in food science and nutrition·2026

Same author

Source-specific nitrate and nitrite intake and bladder cancer: findings from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort.

Environment international·2026

Same author

A systematic review of ultra-processed food subtypes and risk of type 2 diabetes, combined with a cohort analysis, question the utility of broad food classifications for public health policy.

BMC medicine·2026

Same author

Changes in alcohol consumption and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort.

European journal of nutrition·2026

Same author

Association between lifestyle and risk of early-onset cancer: Evidence from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition and the UK Biobank.

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)·2026

Same author

Meat Intake and Risk of Gastric and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study.

International journal of cancer·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid β-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid β-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: May 13, 2010

Reply to A Abbasi

Izabela Biskup¹, Cecilie Kyrø¹, Matti Marklund¹

¹From the Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (IB; RL, e-mail: rikard.landberg@slu.se); the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (CK, AO, and AT); the Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (MM); the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore (RMvD); and the Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine (BL) and Odontology and Cariology (IJ), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

|December 10, 2016

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

Published on: September 28, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid β-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid β-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: May 13, 2010

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

Interactions with and Membrane Permeabilization of Brain Mitochondria by Amyloid Fibrils

Published on: September 28, 2019