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HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment in Perinatally Infected Children: A Meta-analysis
Nicole Phillips1, Taryn Amos2, Caroline Kuo2,3
1Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and nicole.phillips@uct.ac.za.
Insights
Perinatal HIV infection negatively impacts cognitive function in children and adolescents, particularly affecting working memory and executive functions. This systematic review quantifies these impairments and identifies key affected cognitive domains.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pediatrics
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is known to adversely affect cognitive functioning in children and adolescents.
- However, the precise extent and specific cognitive domains impacted by perinatal HIV infection remain inadequately documented in current literature.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and meta-analyze the degree of cognitive impairment in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection.
- To identify the specific cognitive domains most affected by perinatal HIV infection.
Main Methods:
- A systematic search of five electronic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Academic Search Premier, Scopus, WorldCat) was conducted using a specific search protocol.
- Eligibility criteria were applied, with titles, abstracts, and full texts assessed by two independent reviewers.
- Data from 22 identified studies were extracted, with 6 studies included in the meta-analysis.
Main Results:
- The meta-analysis revealed that working memory and executive function are the cognitive domains most significantly affected by the HIV virus.
- Effect size estimates also suggest potential deficits in visual memory and visual-spatial ability.
Conclusions:
- Evidence supports a strong association between HIV infection acquired perinatally and cognitive impairment in children and adolescents.
- Key affected domains include working memory, executive function, and processing speed, with emerging evidence for visual memory and visual-spatial deficits.
Context:
Research shows, conclusively, that perinatal HIV infection has negative effects on cognitive functioning of children and adolescents. However, the extent of these cognitive impairments is unknown. Current literature does not document specific cognitive domains most affected in HIV-infected children and adolescents.
Objective:
To systematically review and meta-analyze the degree of cognitive impairment, and the specific cognitive domains affected, in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection.
Data Sources:
We systematically searched 5 electronic bibliographic databases, namely: PubMed, PsychINFO, Academic Search Premier, Scopus, and WorldCat, by using a search protocol specifically designed for this study.
Study Selection:
Studies were selected on the basis of set a priori eligibility criteria. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were assessed by 2 independent reviewers.
Data Extraction:
Data from included studies were extracted into Microsoft Excel by 2 independent reviewers.
Results:
Twenty-two studies were identified for inclusion in the systematic review and of this, 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results from the meta-analysis indicated that working memory and executive function were the domains most affected by the HIV virus.
Limitations:
Only 27% of the included studies were suitable to enter into the meta-analysis. There was significant geographic bias in published studies, with only 32% (7/22) of included studies from sub-Saharan Africa.
Conclusions:
The evidence supports an association between HIV infection in children and adolescents and cognitive impairment in the domains of working memory, executive function and processing speed, with effect size estimates also providing some support for deficits in visual memory and visual-spatial ability.
