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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

Neuroprotection and visual function after optic neuritis.

¹The Dutch Expertise Center for Neuro-ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Neurology

|December 13, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines neuroprotective treatments for optic neuritis, highlighting advanced imaging and electrophysiology for outcome assessment. Challenges include precise timing and confounding factors like corticosteroids.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Clinical Trials

Background:

Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerve.
Neuroprotective strategies aim to preserve vision and nerve function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the advantages and pitfalls of testing neuroprotective treatments in optic neuritis patients.
To evaluate current and emerging outcome measures for clinical trials.

Main Methods:

Review of 15 clinical trials for neuroprotection in optic neuritis.
Analysis of outcome measures including optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrophysiology, visual acuity, and color vision.
Assessment of biomarkers such as neurofilament proteins.

Main Results:

Spectral domain OCT enables automated retinal layer segmentation; peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer are key structural measures.
Electrophysiology is widely used, but timing can be complicated by unknown demyelination onset.
Low contrast visual acuity and color vision are mainstream assessments; neurofilament proteins offer longitudinal axonal loss monitoring.
Inner nuclear layer volume changes correlate with inflammatory activity.

Conclusions:

Accurate outcome measures like pRNFL and ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer assessments facilitate research.
Pitfalls in trial design include hyperacute patient recruitment, unknown demyelination timing, optic disc edema, and corticosteroid use.
Future trials require careful consideration of these factors for reliable interpretation of neuroprotective treatment efficacy.