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Related Concept Videos

Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Manipulation and Analysis of Cell Cycle-Dependent Processes in Budding Yeast
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Anaphase B.

Jonathan M Scholey1, Gul Civelekoglu-Scholey2, Ingrid Brust-Mascher3

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jmscholey@ucdavis.edu.

Biology
|December 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Anaphase B spindle elongation drives chromosome segregation through microtubule (MT) sliding. Diverse molecular modules control this process, ensuring accurate cell division and life propagation.

Keywords:
anaphase Bmitotic motorspoleward fluxspindle elongation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Anaphase B spindle elongation is crucial for chromosome segregation and cell propagation.
  • It involves the separation of spindle poles driven by microtubule dynamics and motor proteins.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of anaphase B spindle elongation.
  • It examines the roles of various biochemical modules, including motor proteins, crosslinkers, and microtubule dynamics.

Key Points:

  • Spindle elongation involves coordinated actions of midzone pushing, MT crosslinking, cortical pulling, and MT end dynamics.
  • Kinesin-5 motors and proteins like Ase1p/PRC1 are key regulators.
  • A balance of forces maintains spindle stability before anaphase B, with tipping this balance initiating elongation.

Conclusions:

  • The diversity of anaphase B mechanisms arises from differential combinations of molecular modules across cell types.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for comprehending cell division and its errors.