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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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22.4K
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
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Related Experiment Video

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Additional energy scale in SmB6 at low-temperature.

L Jiao1, S Rößler1, D J Kim2

  • 1Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.

Nature Communications
|December 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored the electronic states in samarium hexaboride (SmB6), a potential topological Kondo insulator. High-resolution microscopy revealed distinct surface states below 7 K, clarifying its unique electronic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Topological insulators possess unique spin-momentum locked electronic structures.
  • Correlated materials offer a route to realizing topological properties.
  • Samarium hexaboride (SmB6) is a candidate for a topological Kondo insulator.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic states within the hybridization gap of SmB6.
  • To differentiate between bulk and surface contributions to these electronic states.
  • To understand the role of temperature and Kondo effect on surface states.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) performed down to 0.35 K.
  • Characterization of well-defined (001) surfaces of SmB6.
  • Analysis of spectroscopic responses to impurities and magnetic fields.

Main Results:

  • Observed several electronic states within the ±20 meV hybridization gap of SmB6.
  • Distinguished bulk and surface electronic states using spectroscopic responses.
  • Surface contributions significantly developed below 7 K, indicating a suppressed Kondo effect at the surface.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides high-resolution insights into the electronic structure of SmB6.
  • Findings reconcile discrepancies regarding the topological Kondo insulator nature of SmB6.
  • Surface electronic states are crucial for understanding SmB6's properties at low temperatures.