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Related Concept Videos

Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Overview
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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Antibiotic resistance: A current epilogue.

David R Dodds1

  • 1Dodds & Associates LLC, 4686 Druids Glen, Manlius, NY 13104, USA.

Biochemical Pharmacology
|December 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic use dramatically reduced infectious disease deaths in the 20th century. However, widespread use in agriculture and medicine has led to a significant rise in antibiotic resistance.

Area of Science:

  • Medical History
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The 20th century witnessed a dramatic decline in mortality from infectious diseases, largely attributed to the advent of antibiotics.
  • Antibiotics revolutionized medicine, transforming previously fatal infections into treatable conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical impact of commercial antibiotics on infectious disease mortality.
  • To examine the emergence and rise of antimicrobial resistance linked to antibiotic usage patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Historical data review from US and World Health Organization (WHO) sources.
  • Analysis of trends in infectious disease death rates throughout the 20th century.
  • Examination of antibiotic use in human medicine and animal agriculture.
Keywords:
Advanced microbial resistanceAntibiotic growth promotersAntibiotic resistance

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Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
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Main Results:

  • Infectious disease deaths decreased from nearly 50% to under 10% of all deaths during the 20th century.
  • Antibiotics were increasingly used as growth promoters in food animals in the latter half of the 20th century.
  • Advanced microbial resistance to antibiotics began and rapidly increased around the turn of the 21st century.

Conclusions:

  • The development and widespread use of antibiotics have been critical in reducing infectious disease mortality.
  • The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat, necessitating careful stewardship of these vital medications.