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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
601
Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

717
Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
717
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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New Insights On Ablation Of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Evidence From The SARA Trial.

Journal of atrial fibrillationยท2016
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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A Difficult Case Of Left Atrial Flutter.

Reinder Evertz Md1, Juan Acosta Md1, David Andreu M Sc1

  • 1Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic. Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Atrial Fibrillation
|December 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

A third ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation revealed a second critical isthmus. Ablation at the cavotricuspid isthmus successfully terminated the atypical flutter, offering new insights into complex arrhythmia management.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Recurrent atrial fibrillation necessitates repeat ablation procedures.
  • Pulmonary vein isolation is a common strategy for atrial fibrillation treatment.

Observation:

  • During a repeat ablation, a patient developed atypical flutter with clockwise activation around the mitral annulus.
  • Initial linear ablation at the left mitral isthmus altered but did not resolve the tachycardia.

Findings:

  • The cavotricuspid isthmus was identified as a second critical isthmus.
  • Linear ablation targeting the cavotricuspid isthmus successfully terminated the atypical flutter.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential for multiple critical isthmuses in complex atrial arrhythmias.
  • Identifying and ablating secondary isthmuses, like the cavotricuspid isthmus, is crucial for successful tachycardia termination.
  • This finding may influence ablation strategies for refractory atrial fibrillation and related tachycardias.