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Updated: Mar 10, 2026
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Randomized, Triple-Blind, and Parallel-Controlled Trial of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Cognitive Rehabilitation after Stroke
Published on: June 6, 2025
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Cognitive outcomes of pediatric stroke
Isabella Jacomb1, Melanie Porter1, Ruth Brunsdon2
1a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , North Ryde , Australia.
Summary
Children with stroke experience long-term cognitive deficits, particularly in attention and academic skills, which remain stable over time. Younger age at stroke is linked to poorer intellectual functioning, supporting the early vulnerability hypothesis.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pediatric Neurology
- Cognitive Psychology
Background:
- Longitudinal studies on pediatric stroke neuropsychological development are limited.
- Understanding long-term cognitive outcomes is crucial for this population.
- Previous research highlights the impact of stroke on developing brains.
Purpose of the Study:
- To retrospectively examine cognitive outcomes in children with a history of stroke.
- To investigate the influence of age at stroke, laterality, region, and mechanism on neuropsychological development.
- To assess changes in intellectual functioning, memory, executive functioning, attention, and academic skills over time.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 41 children with a history of stroke.
- Neuropsychological assessments administered at two time points for intellectual functioning and memory.
- Single-time point assessments for executive functioning, attention, and academic skills.
- Comparison of performance against normative data.
Main Results:
- Children with stroke performed significantly worse than normative expectations across all assessed cognitive domains.
- Up to two-thirds of children exhibited borderline or impaired cognitive functioning in at least one area.
- Intellectual functioning and memory performance remained relatively stable over the study period.
- Younger age at stroke correlated with poorer intellectual functioning.
- No significant effects of stroke laterality on long-term neuropsychological performance were observed.
- Children with subcortical strokes showed greater improvement in immediate memory compared to those with cortical strokes.
Conclusions:
- Pediatric stroke survivors face persistent long-term cognitive challenges, notably in attention and academic skills.
- Cognitive difficulties tend to remain stable post-stroke.
- Early age at stroke is a significant predictor of poorer cognitive outcomes, supporting the 'early vulnerability' concept.
- Subcortical strokes may have a different trajectory for memory recovery compared to cortical strokes.
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