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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

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Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Al(2)O(3) Surface Complexation for Photocatalytic Organic Transformations.

Wan Ru Leow1, Wilson Kwok Hung Ng2, Tai Peng1

  • 1Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.

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Earth-abundant aluminum oxide (Al2O3) enhances sunlight-driven selective photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohols. This occurs via surface complexation, activating reactants for greener organic synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry and sustainable organic synthesis.
  • Photocatalysis and surface chemistry.

Background:

  • Sunlight-driven organic reactions offer a sustainable synthetic strategy.
  • Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), typically an insulator, has unexplored catalytic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the catalytic role of Al2O3 in sunlight-induced selective photo-oxidation reactions.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind Al2O3's enhanced activity in photocatalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Al2O3 as a catalyst with various dyes and oxygen for benzyl alcohol photo-oxidation.
  • Spectroscopic analysis to understand surface complexation and electronic effects.

Main Results:

  • Al2O3 significantly boosted the selective photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohols under sunlight.
  • Surface complexation of benzyl alcohol with Al2O3 lowered its oxidation potential.
  • Al2O3 facilitated oxygen activation for electron transfer from photoexcited dyes.

Conclusions:

  • Al2O3 acts as an effective photocatalyst by activating reactants through surface complexation.
  • This mechanism offers a novel approach for utilizing earth-abundant materials in photoredox reactions.
  • Discovery opens new avenues for sustainable organic synthesis using visible light.