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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For example, Charles’ law states that volume and temperature are directly related. Gases, therefore, expand when heated at constant pressure. Although gas laws explain how the macroscopic properties change relative to one another, it does not explain the rationale behind it.
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Controlling Flow Speeds of Microtubule-Based 3D Active Fluids Using Temperature
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Critical phenomena in active matter.

M Paoluzzi1, C Maggi2, U Marini Bettolo Marconi3

  • 1Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.

Physical Review. E
|December 15, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-propulsion does not alter the universality class of order-disorder transitions in scalar field theory. Theoretical predictions align with simulations of active particles, especially at short correlation times.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Physics
  • Non-equilibrium Systems
  • Theoretical Physics

Background:

  • Order-disorder transitions are fundamental in statistical physics.
  • Active matter systems exhibit complex dynamics driven by self-propulsion.
  • Understanding non-equilibrium phase transitions is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of self-propulsion on mean-field order-disorder transitions.
  • To analyze the influence of noise parameters on critical points.
  • To compare theoretical models with numerical simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a φ⁴ scalar field theory with exponentially correlated noise.
  • Employed the unified colored-noise approximation to map non-equilibrium to equilibrium dynamics.
  • Estimated Gaussian fluctuation effects and derived an Ornstein-Zernike-like expression.

Main Results:

  • The universality class of the order-disorder transition remained unchanged by self-propulsion.
  • The critical point's evolution was tracked concerning noise correlation time (τ) and strength (D).
  • Theoretical predictions showed good qualitative agreement with simulations of active Lennard-Jones particles.

Conclusions:

  • Self-propulsion minimally affects the universality class of the studied phase transition.
  • The unified colored-noise approximation provides a valid framework for active systems.
  • Numerical simulations confirm the theoretical findings, particularly for small correlation times.