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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Diagnosis of Ecto- and Endoparasites in Laboratory Rats and Mice
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Head Lice.

Laura Meister1, Falk Ochsendorf

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main.

Deutsches Arzteblatt International
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synchronous treatment with ovicidal dimethicones effectively terminates head lice outbreaks. This approach ensures all infested individuals are treated simultaneously, breaking the cycle of infestation for successful eradication.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Parasitology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Conflicting head lice treatment information causes patient and provider uncertainty.
  • Permethrin efficacy against head lice has significantly decreased from 97% to 30%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on head lice treatment and management.
  • To identify effective strategies for controlling head lice outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Selective literature review using PubMed.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Head lice outbreaks are common in school-aged children (5-13 years) in Germany.
  • Dimethicones demonstrate 97% efficacy as a preferred treatment for head lice.
  • Synchronous treatment of all infested individuals is crucial for outbreak control.
  • Wet combing is the most sensitive diagnostic and monitoring method.

Conclusions:

  • Ovicidal dimethicones, when used synchronously, can successfully terminate head lice outbreaks.
  • Resistance to neurotoxic pediculicides is a growing global concern.