Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

10.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
10.0K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

13.6K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
13.6K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:35

Transfer RNA Synthesis

3.9K
3.9K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.9K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
57.9K
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

16.3K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
16.3K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

8.4K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
8.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

QutRNA2: robust tRNA modification discovery from Nanopore direct tRNA sequencing.

NAR genomics and bioinformatics·2026
Same author

Dnmt1 mediates epigenetic restriction of invasive traits in clonal crayfish.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

The bladder cancer m<sup>6</sup>A landscape is defined by global methylation dilution and focal 3'-UTR hypermethylation.

EMBO reports·2026
Same author

The two-step purification method ViREn identifies a single NSUN6-mediated 5-methylcytosine modification promoting dengue virus RNA genome turnover.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Microbial metabolites shape mammalian protein translation.

Cell metabolism·2025
Same author

Fibrillarin-dependent 2'-O-methylation modulates RPS28 ribosome incorporation and oncogenic translation.

Cancer letters·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

7.5K

Genome recoding by tRNA modifications.

Francesca Tuorto1, Frank Lyko2

  • 1Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.

Open Biology
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA modifications, especially in transfer RNAs (tRNAs), regulate protein translation speed and accuracy. These crucial modifications impact cellular adaptation and disease processes.

Keywords:
genome recodingprotein translationtRNA anticodontRNA modification

More Related Videos

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

3.0K
Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
07:46

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

7.5K
A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

3.0K
Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA modifications add regulatory complexity beyond the genetic sequence.
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications are vital for regulating protein synthesis.
  • Modifications near the tRNA anticodon are conserved and influence mRNA decoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key tRNA anticodon loop modifications.
  • To discuss their roles in protein translation and eukaryotic genome recoding.
  • To highlight their involvement in cellular adaptation and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on tRNA modifications.
  • Analysis of functional relevance in protein translation.
  • Exploration of roles in genome recoding.

Main Results:

  • Identified prominent tRNA anticodon loop modifications: queuosine, inosine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, wybutosine, threonyl-carbamoyl-adenosine, and 5-methylcytosine.
  • These modifications fine-tune translation speed and fidelity.
  • They play a role in cellular adaptation and disease states.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA modifications are critical regulators of gene expression.
  • Their dysregulation is linked to various diseases.
  • Further research into these modifications can reveal new therapeutic targets.