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Related Concept Videos

Three-Dimensional Force System01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System

In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving

A three-dimensional force system refers to a scenario in which three forces act simultaneously in three different directions. This type of problem is commonly encountered in physics and engineering, where it is necessary to calculate the resultant force on the system, which can then be used to predict or analyze the behavior of the object or structure under consideration.
To solve a three-dimensional force system, first resolve each force into its respective scalar components. Do this using...
Stress on an Oblique Plane01:16

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Understanding stress on an oblique plane under axial loading is pivotal in material mechanics. This analysis offers insight into a material's durability and strength, which is crucial for civil engineering and structural design. Axial loading refers to force application along the material's central axis, causing compression or elongation and leading to normal stress. Normal stress occurs when a force acts perpendicularly to the material's area, resulting in compressive or tensile stress. When...
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section01:21

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
As the material stretches, it expands or contracts in orthogonal directions to the load. This phenomenon varies...
Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry01:21

Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry

When a structural member undergoes plastic deformation due to bending, it is crucial to understand the position of the neutral axis and the stress distribution. This member, characterized by a single plane of symmetry, exhibits a uniform stress distribution, with negative stress above the neutral axis and positive stress below. Notably, the neutral axis does not align with the centroid of the cross-section. This misalignment is typical in cases where the cross-section is not rectangular or...
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture
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Printing soft matter in three dimensions.

Ryan L Truby1,2, Jennifer A Lewis1,2

  • 1John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Nature
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Light and ink-based 3D printing enables rapid, cost-effective soft matter fabrication with tunable properties. This advanced additive manufacturing drives innovation in fields like soft robotics and sensors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Manufacturing Engineering
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Traditional manufacturing relies on costly tooling and masks.
  • Additive manufacturing offers rapid prototyping and fabrication.
  • Soft matter with tunable properties is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the capabilities of light- and ink-based 3D printing.
  • To showcase the potential of additive manufacturing for soft matter.
  • To illustrate innovations enabled by 3D printing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing light- and ink-based three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques.
  • Fabricating materials with programmable composition and architecture.
  • Exploring tunable mechanical, electrical, and functional properties.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated rapid, tool-less fabrication of complex materials.
  • Enabled precise control over material properties and structure.
  • Showcased applications in biologically inspired composites, shape-morphing systems, soft sensors, and robotics.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing revolutionizes soft matter manufacturing.
  • Additive manufacturing facilitates innovation across diverse scientific and engineering fields.
  • The technology enables the creation of previously impossible materials and devices.