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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the body. They can be found in a wide variety of foods, including whole grains, fruit, and vegetables, in various forms, such as sugars, starch, and dietary fiber. Based on their structure, carbohydrates are classified into three main classes— monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The body's cells can only utilize simple...
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An introduction to the sugar code.

Hans-Joachim Gabius1, Jürgen Roth2

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany. gabius@tiph.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.

Histochemistry and Cell Biology
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbohydrates, or glycans, are more than just energy sources; their complex structures form a "sugar code." This code, read by lectins, dictates cellular functions and is key to understanding biological processes.

Keywords:
GlycolipidGlycoproteinGlycosylationLectinSialylation

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Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Glycobiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Carbohydrates (glycans) possess physiological roles beyond energy metabolism and nucleic acid structure.
  • The structural diversity of glycans, arising from variations in monosaccharide composition, linkage, and branching, is unparalleled in nature.

Discussion:

  • Monosaccharides act as 'letters' forming 'words' (glycans) with high-density coding capacity.
  • Glycans on proteins and lipids exhibit cell type-specific patterns, forming the glycome.
  • The structural features of glycans facilitate specific intermolecular interactions for biological signaling.

Key Insights:

  • The 'sugar code' concept highlights the information-carrying capacity of glycans.
  • Lectins act as receptors, translating glycan-based signals into cellular responses.
  • Glycan structure and function are intricately linked, influencing cellular identity and behavior.

Outlook:

  • Further exploration of the 'sugar code' is crucial for deciphering complex biological processes.
  • Understanding glycan-mediated interactions can lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Investigating the glycome's role in cell-type specificity offers insights into development and disease.