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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen Regulates Monocyte Function and Promotes B Lymphocyte Activation.

Bingru Lu1, Bingchang Zhang2, Laicheng Wang1

  • 11 Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan, People's Republic of China .

Viral Immunology
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B e (HBe) antigen inhibits monocyte migration and increases BAFF, IL-6, and IL-10 production. HBe also enhances B lymphocyte activation and proliferation, contributing to persistent Hepatitis B virus infection.

Keywords:
B cell activating factorB lymphocyteHBV e antigencytokinemonocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBe) plays a role in immune regulation and persistent infection.
  • The specific roles of HBe on monocytes and B lymphocytes are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of HBe on monocyte (U937) migration and cytokine production.
  • To examine the impact of HBe on B lymphocyte (Hmy2.CIR) activation and proliferation.

Main Methods:

  • Lentivirus-mediated stable transfection of HBe into U937 and Hmy2.CIR cell lines.
  • Transwell migration assays to assess U937 cell motility.
  • Measurement of cytokines (BAFF, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, APRIL) in cell culture supernatants and patient sera.
  • Analysis of B lymphocyte activation and inhibition markers.
  • Assessment of Hmy2.CIR cell proliferation.

Main Results:

  • HBe inhibited U937 cell migration.
  • HBe increased BAFF, IL-6, and IL-10 production in U937 cells, with elevated serum BAFF in HBe-positive patients.
  • HBe enhanced B lymphocyte activation markers (CD86, Tspan33) and proliferation in Hmy2.CIR cells.
  • HBe did not affect B lymphocyte inhibition markers (Lyn, CD32b) or Hmy2.CIR proliferation upon co-culture with U937 cells.

Conclusions:

  • HBe antigen modulates monocyte function by inhibiting migration and promoting cytokine release, notably BAFF.
  • HBe directly induces activation and proliferation of B lymphocytes.
  • These findings highlight HBe's multifaceted role in immune dysregulation during Hepatitis B virus infection.