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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

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Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.5K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4.8K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
4.8K
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

4.6K
The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
4.6K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.6K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.6K
α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:14

α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

4.2K
Unlike aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids do not readily participate in α halogenation reactions via enols or enolate intermediates. However, α-halogenated acids are obtained through other methods. One of the approaches is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction, wherein the carboxylic acid is treated with halogen in the presence of PBr3. It involves the conversion of acid to acid halide, which exists in equilibrium with its enol form. The enol attacks the...
4.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins
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Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

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HSV1 Pulls the Deamidation tRIGger.

Dominique Garcin1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

Cell Host & Microbe
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Viruses can evade immune detection by deamidating RIG-I, a key protein in the innate immune response. This viral tactic disables RIG-I signaling, hindering the host

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infections.
  • RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) is a crucial pattern recognition receptor that initiates antiviral immune responses.
  • Viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to counteract host innate immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate a novel viral strategy for evading host innate immune responses.
  • To investigate the mechanism by which viruses inactivate RIG-I signaling.

Main Methods:

  • The study focused on the deamidation of RIG-I by viral factors.
  • Analysis of RIG-I signaling pathways and viral interactions.

Main Results:

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Tyramide Signal Amplification for the Immunofluorescent Staining of ZBP1-Dependent Phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL After HSV-1 Infection in Human Cells
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  • A specific viral strategy was identified that targets and inactivates RIG-I.
  • This inactivation is achieved through the deamidation of RIG-I.
  • Disruption of RIG-I signaling by viral deamidation.

Conclusions:

  • Viral deamidation of RIG-I represents a novel immune evasion mechanism.
  • Understanding this process is critical for developing antiviral therapies.
  • This finding sheds light on the intricate interplay between viruses and host immunity.