Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 10, 2026
09:13
Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
Published on: August 22, 2017
10.5K
Translational biomarkers: from discovery and development to clinical practice
Meena Subramanyam1, Jaya Goyal2
1Global Biomarker Discovery and Development, Biogen, 300 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
Drug Discovery Today. Technologies
|December 17, 2016
Summary
Molecular phenotypes enhance disease diagnosis and treatment. Biomarker research faces challenges due to disease heterogeneity and model system limitations, but strategies are emerging to improve clinical translation for better health outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical research
- Molecular biology
- Translational medicine
Background:
- Molecular phenotypes refine disease classification, improving diagnostic precision and personalized treatments.
- Biomarker discovery is crucial for understanding therapeutic impacts and guiding drug development.
- Challenges include disease heterogeneity and inadequate disease models, hindering biomarker-pathology association.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current state of biomarker research.
- To highlight strategies for advancing biomarker discovery into clinical practice.
- To enable objective decision-making and enhance patient health outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current biomarker research landscape.
- Analysis of strategies for biomarker translation.
- Discussion of challenges in biomarker validation.
Main Results:
- Refinement of disease taxonomy using molecular phenotypes improves diagnosis and treatment customization.
- Biomarker research is vital for drug discovery and development.
- Gaps in understanding disease heterogeneity and model systems impede biomarker-pathology linkage.
Conclusions:
- Overcoming challenges in biomarker research is essential for clinical translation.
- New strategies are needed to bridge the gap between biomarker discovery and medical practice.
- Successful biomarker implementation will lead to more objective decision-making and improved health outcomes.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Translational Regulation
739
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
739
02:28Leaky Scanning
5.8K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.8K
01:29Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets
57
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
57
01:29Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics
1.3K
Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
1.3K
02:24Ribosome Profiling
4.3K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
4.3K
02:07Improving Translational Accuracy
15.3K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.3K