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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Direct reprogramming and biomaterials for controlling cell fate.

Eunsol Kim1, Giyoong Tae1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea.

Biomaterials Research
|December 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Direct reprogramming converts mature cells to new types, offering patient-specific regenerative medicine. Biomaterials show promise in guiding this process for improved efficiency and specificity.

Keywords:
Direct reprogrammingECMGene deliveryGrowth factorsStem cellSurface

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Direct reprogramming offers an alternative to stem cells, enabling patient-specific treatments.
  • This technique involves altering mature cell fates using genetic factors.
  • Biomaterials can influence cell behavior and differentiation, but their role in direct reprogramming is underexplored.

Approach:

  • This review summarizes strategies for direct cellular reprogramming.
  • It also covers biomaterials-guided stem cell differentiation.
  • Recent advancements in using biomaterials for direct reprogramming are highlighted.

Key Points:

  • Direct reprogramming bypasses stem cell limitations for regenerative medicine.
  • Biomaterials provide physical and biochemical cues that can guide cell fate.
  • Integrating biomaterials into direct reprogramming strategies may enhance efficiency and specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Biomaterials represent a promising frontier in optimizing direct reprogramming.
  • Further research into biomaterial-cell interactions is crucial for advancing regenerative medicine.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of current progress and future directions.