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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Vacancy-Contained Tetragonal Na3SbS4 Superionic Conductor.

Long Zhang1, Dechao Zhang1, Kun Yang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology Yanshan University Qinhuangdao Hebei 066004 P.R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|December 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new tetragonal sodium conductor was synthesized, confirming theoretical predictions of sodium vacancies. This material exhibits high ionic conductivity, surpassing current sodium sulfide electrolytes for advanced energy storage applications.

Keywords:
chalcogenidesodium batteriessodium superionic conductorssolid electrolytessulfides

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Sodium superionic conductors are crucial for next-generation batteries.
  • Existing sodium sulfide electrolytes have limitations in conductivity.
  • Theoretical studies predicted the existence of sodium vacancies in certain crystal structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel tetragonal sodium superionic conductor.
  • To experimentally verify the presence of sodium vacancies.
  • To evaluate the ionic conductivity of the new material.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state synthesis of tetragonal sodium.
  • Experimental characterization techniques to confirm crystal structure and defects.
  • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to measure ionic conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of tetragonal sodium.
  • Experimental evidence of sodium vacancies was obtained, validating theoretical predictions.
  • Achieved an ionic conductivity of 3 mS cm-1, exceeding current benchmarks.

Conclusions:

  • Tetragonal sodium is a promising new material for sodium-based energy storage.
  • The presence of sodium vacancies is key to its high ionic conductivity.
  • This discovery offers a new pathway for developing advanced solid electrolytes.