Psychiatric cases: an ethnography of the referral process

Investigation into the referral histories of a consecutive series of new patients attending two psychiatric out-patient clinics questioned the assumption that only the more severe and problematic cases are selected by general practitioners for specialist referral. In 40% of cases, clinical indications only became decisive in relation to emergent difficulties in managing the case, while 38% of patients or their relatives requested referral. The implications of these observations are considered in relation to alternative models of psychiatric intervention in the management of psychosocial disorders in primary care.