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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

158.0K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
158.0K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

34.5K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
34.5K
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

2.4K
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
2.4K
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

2.8K
The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
2.8K
Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

4.8K
Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell...
4.8K
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

2.8K
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.8K

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Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
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Hypertranscription in Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration.

Michelle Percharde1, Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu1, Miguel Ramalho-Santos1

  • 1Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Developmental Cell
|December 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypertranscription, a global increase in gene expression, is a key process in embryonic development, stem cell biology, and regeneration. This phenomenon, largely overlooked until recently, is now recognized as a unifying biological theme.

Keywords:
Chd1Myccell competitioncell number normalizationdevelopmenthypertranscriptionopen chromatinproliferationregenerationself-renewalstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Genomics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Hypertranscription, a global upregulation of the transcriptome, has historical evidence dating back over 70 years.
  • This phenomenon was largely overlooked during the genomics era until recent studies highlighted its significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical context and recent evidence for hypertranscription.
  • To discuss the methods for analyzing hypertranscription.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms and biological significance of hypertranscription.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and recent studies on hypertranscription.
  • Analysis of genomic data related to cellular transitions.
  • Discussion of experimental approaches to study gene expression regulation.

Main Results:

  • Hypertranscription is a unifying theme across diverse biological processes including embryonic development, stem cell biology, regeneration, and cell competition.
  • Recent data confirm the widespread relevance of hypertranscription in various biological contexts.
  • The historical neglect of hypertranscription is being rectified by current research.

Conclusions:

  • Hypertranscription represents a fundamental cellular mechanism with broad implications.
  • Understanding hypertranscription is crucial for advancing fields such as developmental biology and regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into the mechanisms and regulation of hypertranscription is warranted.