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Motion of a Projectile01:23

Motion of a Projectile

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Projectile motion becomes evident when a player kicks the ball into the air. The launch angle, or the angle at which the ball is kicked, plays a crucial role in determining the trajectory of the projectile. As the ball soars through the air, influenced solely by gravity, its motion can be dissected into two independent velocity components: the horizontal and the vertical.
Horizontal motion, governed by the initial kick, maintains a constant velocity throughout the flight of the soccer ball.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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Quantifying Inter-Segmental Coordination during the Instep Soccer Kicks.

Yumeng Li1, Marion Alexander2, Cheryl Glazebrook2

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA.

International Journal of Exercise Science
|December 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soccer kicking relies on coordinated leg movements. This study found that the thigh and shank primarily move in-phase or shank-phase during kicks, offering insights for training young players.

Keywords:
Kinematicskicking performancesoccer trainingvector coding

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • High ball speed in soccer requires precise inter-segmental coordination of the kicking leg.
  • Understanding the kinematic patterns of the thigh and shank is crucial for optimizing kicking technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the coordination between thigh and shank movements in the sagittal plane during soccer instep kicks.
  • To identify dominant coordination patterns and their temporal occurrence during the kicking motion.

Main Methods:

  • Kinematic analysis of 11 female soccer players performing penalty kicks using high-speed video (80 Hz).
  • Digitization of hip, knee, and ankle joint centers to derive segment angles.
  • Quantification of coordination using cross-correlation and vector coding methods, defining four patterns: in-phase, anti-phase, thigh-phase, and shank-phase.

Main Results:

  • All participants exhibited positive cross-correlation coefficients, indicating similar rotational patterns between thigh and shank.
  • Vector coding revealed dominant shank-phase coordination during the backswing and in-phase coordination during the forward swing of the kick.

Conclusions:

  • The study identified specific coordination patterns (shank-phase and in-phase) critical for soccer kicking.
  • Findings can inform training programs for young soccer players to improve kicking technique and ball speed.
  • Methodology can be applied to investigate skill acquisition across different player levels.