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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles
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Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

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Mitochondrial apoptosis and BH3 mimetics.

Haiming Dai1,2,3, X Wei Meng1,2, Scott H Kaufmann1,2

  • 1Division of Oncology Research , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.

F1000Research
|December 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Venetoclax, a BCL2-selective BH3 mimetic, is approved for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and shows promise in other cancers. Further research will explore its potential in various hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.

Keywords:
BAK activationBAX activationBCL-2 inhibitorsBH3 mimeticsvenetoclax

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 9, 2026

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Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The BCL2 protein family regulates apoptosis, and its dysregulation is implicated in various cancers.
  • Venetoclax is a novel BCL2-selective BH3 mimetic drug.
  • Its efficacy has been demonstrated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Approach:

  • This review summarizes recent biological insights into BCL2 family members.
  • It covers preclinical and clinical studies supporting venetoclax's approval.
  • Future research directions for BH3 mimetics are discussed.

Key Points:

  • Venetoclax targets BCL2, a key regulator of apoptosis.
  • Regulatory approval was granted for relapsed, chromosome 17p-deleted CLL.
  • Ongoing studies investigate venetoclax in lymphomas, acute leukemias, and solid tumors, both as monotherapy and in combination.

Conclusions:

  • Venetoclax represents a new class of antineoplastic agents.
  • Understanding BCL2 family biology is crucial for optimizing BH3 mimetic therapy.
  • Expanded clinical investigation is warranted to define the full therapeutic potential of venetoclax.