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Ammonia removal from landfill leachate by struvite formation: an alarming concentration of phosphorus in the treated

Adriano Luiz Tonetti1, Cristal Coser de Camargo1, José Roberto Guimarães1

  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - FEC, UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Cidade Universitária 'Zeferino Vaz', Rua Saturnino de Brito, 224, P.O. Box 6143, 13083-889, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
|December 21, 2016
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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
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