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Related Concept Videos

Law of Segregation01:49

Law of Segregation

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When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
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Dihybrid Crosses01:18

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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Law of Independent Assortment02:03

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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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Monohybrid Crosses01:20

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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging
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Exploring Identity-By-Descent Segments and Putative Functions Using Different Foundation Parents in Maize.

Xun Wu1,2, Yongxiang Li1, Junjie Fu1

  • 1Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.

Plos One
|December 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Maize foundation parents (FPs) exhibit distinct identity-by-descent (IBD) segments and genes, crucial for hybrid breeding. Identifying these regions and associated genes offers a foundation for developing new elite maize lines and improving agronomic traits.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Plant Breeding
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Maize foundation parents (FPs) are essential for developing new hybrid lines.
  • Understanding the genetic makeup of FPs, specifically identity-by-descent (IBD) segments, is key to improving maize breeding strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize identity-by-descent (IBD) segments and associated genes in elite maize foundation parent (FP) lines.
  • To explore the genetic basis of agronomic traits and discover novel candidate genes for maize improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 304 elite maize lines derived from four FPs (B73, 207, Mo17, Huangzaosi) using 43,252 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.
  • Identification of IBD segments specific to each FP group.
  • Association analysis to detect quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and candidate genes within IBD regions.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific IBD segments for each FP group (116 in B73, 105 in Mo17, 111 in 207, 190 in HZS).
  • Discovered 423 QTNs linked to 15 agronomic traits and 804 candidate genes within these IBD regions.
  • Validated known adaptation genes and identified novel candidate genes associated with traits like ear height, plant height, kernel density, and ear diameter.

Conclusions:

  • IBD segments and genes play a significant role in the formation of maize FP lines, with complex regulatory networks involved.
  • The identified IBD regions and candidate genes provide valuable genetic resources for future maize breeding and trait improvement.