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Frictional Force01:07

Frictional Force

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When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
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Physical Properties of Alkanes02:33

Physical Properties of Alkanes

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Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is minimal, and hence alkanes have a zero dipole moment. This leads to the presence of only dispersion forces between the molecules. The strength of dispersion forces is dependent on the surface area of the molecules on which they act. Since the surface area increases with the molecular length for straight-chain alkanes, the dispersion forces also...
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Structure and Bonding of Alkenes02:47

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

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Olefins, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, are broadly divided into alkenes and cycloalkenes. The general chemical formula of an alkene is CnH2n.
Doubly bonded carbons are sp2 hybridized and have a trigonal planar geometry. The double bond is composed of a σ bond formed by the overlap of hybrid orbitals and a π bond produced by the lateral overlap of unhybridized 2p orbitals on both the carbons. Each carbon atom is...
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Structure of Alkanes02:23

Structure of Alkanes

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The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 
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Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

15.9K
Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
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Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes
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Load-Induced Frictional Transition at a Well-Defined Alkane Loop Surface.

Atsuomi Shundo, Koichiro Hori, Yasuyuki Tezuka1

  • 1Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
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PubMed
Summary

This study reveals unique friction properties of cyclic alkanedisulfide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. Load-induced conformational changes in alkane loops cause a reversible transition in friction behavior, unlike linear SAMs.

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Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are crucial for modifying material surface properties.
  • Current SAMs primarily use linear molecules, with surface characteristics dominated by chain ends.
  • A need exists for novel SAM architectures to explore diverse surface functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frictional properties of SAMs formed from cyclic alkanedisulfides on gold.
  • To understand the influence of molecular architecture on surface tribology.
  • To compare the friction behavior of cyclic loop SAMs with traditional linear SAMs.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of self-assembled monolayers using cyclic alkanedisulfides on gold substrates.
  • Characterization of SAM structure and properties.
  • Tribological testing to measure frictional response under varying loads.
  • Comparison with SAMs composed of n-alkyl chains.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic alkanedisulfide SAMs exhibit unique load-dependent frictional properties.
  • A distinct, reversible, and repeatable frictional transition was observed beyond a specific load threshold.
  • This behavior was not observed in analogous SAMs made from linear n-alkyl chains.
  • The observed friction changes are attributed to load-induced conformational alterations within the alkane loops.

Conclusions:

  • Alkane loops in cyclic SAMs offer a novel approach to designing surface friction properties, distinct from chain-end dominated linear SAMs.
  • Conformational changes in molecular structures can be harnessed to control tribological behavior.
  • This work opens new avenues for surface engineering by utilizing molecular architecture beyond functional end groups.