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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
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Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

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Tied to expectations: Predicting features speeds processing even under adverse circumstances.

Sabine Schwager1, Robert Gaschler2,3, Dennis Rünger4

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Georgenstraße 36, 10117, Berlin, Germany. sabine.schwager@hu-berlin.de.

Memory & Cognition
|December 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

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Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

842
The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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People’s self-generated predictions enhance processing speed, but control over these predictions is limited. Even with varying stimulus frequencies, participants did not strategically alter their prediction strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Self-generated predictions can influence cognitive processing speed.
  • Previous research suggests predictions may be used automatically for task preparation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the flexibility and control individuals have over forming and implementing self-generated predictions.
  • To determine if prediction effects are specific to the act of prediction itself.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using a randomized choice reaction task.
  • Experiment 1 manipulated the validity and response-relevance of predictions.
  • Experiment 2 involved practice with varying stimulus frequencies to assess strategic adaptation.
Keywords:
ExpectationsPredictionsStrategic controlTask preparation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

10.4K

Main Results:

  • Prediction-stimulus match significantly increased processing speed, similar to valid cues.
  • Prediction effects persisted even under adverse conditions, indicating limited control.
  • Participants did not strategically optimize predictions based on stimulus frequency or validity.
  • Sequential aftereffects of prediction match were independent of validity, suggesting a verbalization effect.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that predicted stimulus features are held in working memory's focus of attention.
  • The degree to which predictions influence processing is subject to weighting, but control over formation and implementation is limited.
  • Verbalizing a response-relevant feature has independent effects on cognitive processing.