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Adaptation to microgravity, deconditioning, and countermeasures.

Kunihiko Tanaka1, Naoki Nishimura2, Yasuaki Kawai3

  • 1Graduate School of Health and Medicine, Gifu University of Medical Science, 795-1 Nagamine Ichihiraga, Seki, Gifu, 501-3892, Japan. ktanaka@u-gifu-ms.ac.jp.

The Journal of Physiological Sciences : JPS
|December 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microgravity causes muscle and bone loss, alongside cardiovascular and vestibular system decline. Current countermeasures partially mitigate bone deconditioning but require further development for complete protection against spaceflight-induced physiological changes.

Keywords:
AtrophyBisphosphonateBone mineral densityGravityHydrostatic pressureOrthostatic intoleranceSpaceflight

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Area of Science:

  • Space medicine
  • Human physiology
  • Exercise physiology

Background:

  • Gravity supports musculoskeletal and vestibular systems, influencing fluid distribution.
  • Microgravity diminishes mechanical loads, leading to muscle atrophy, bone loss, and cardiovascular deconditioning.
  • The vestibular system, particularly otolith organs, is sensitive to microgravity, impacting balance and spatial orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body.
  • To evaluate current countermeasures for spaceflight-induced deconditioning.
  • To identify areas needing further research in mitigating space adaptation syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on human physiological responses to microgravity.
  • Analysis of the efficacy of countermeasures such as resistive exercise and bisphosphonates.
  • Examination of the impact on musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and vestibular systems.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity leads to significant skeletal muscle atrophy (especially lower limbs) and bone mineral loss.
  • Cardiovascular deconditioning includes heart atrophy and decreased plasma volume, potentially causing orthostatic intolerance.
  • Vestibular system dysfunction occurs, with otolith organs being more affected than semicircular canals.

Conclusions:

  • Resistive exercise and bisphosphonates are effective against bone deconditioning but do not fully prevent muscle and heart atrophy.
  • Further innovation is crucial for developing comprehensive countermeasures against muscular, cardiovascular, and vestibular dysfunctions during spaceflight.
  • Understanding and addressing these multi-system effects is vital for long-duration space missions.