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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
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Long range electrostatic forces in ionic liquids.

Matthew A Gebbie1, Alexander M Smith2, Howard A Dobbs3

  • 1Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. magebbie@stanford.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|December 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids exhibit unexpected long-range electrostatic forces between surfaces, challenging the view of them as solely high ionic strength media. This research examines evidence and potential mechanisms for these forces.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids, liquid salts at ambient temperatures, are typically considered to have very short Debye screening lengths due to high ionic strength.
  • Recent experimental data suggest the presence of significant long-range electrostatic forces between surfaces immersed in ionic liquids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze the accumulating evidence for long-range surface forces in ionic liquids.
  • To identify unresolved questions and explore potential mechanisms responsible for these observed forces.

Main Methods:

  • Collating and examining experimental data on surface forces in ionic liquids.
  • Analyzing theoretical interpretations and controversies surrounding observed phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Accumulated evidence indicates long-range electrostatic forces in various ionic liquid/surface combinations and concentrated salt solutions.
  • The interpretation of ionic liquids as "dilute electrolytes" to explain these forces remains controversial.

Conclusions:

  • The origin of long-range forces in ionic liquids requires further investigation.
  • Understanding these forces has implications for designing ionic liquids for energy storage and biological self-assembly.