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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP
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Epigenetics of imprinted long non-coding RNAs.

Faizaan Mohammad, Tanmoy Mondal, Chandrasekhar Kanduri

    Epigenetics
    |December 22, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) organize chromatin and epigenetic memory. Long ncRNAs like Xist, Kcnq1ot1, and Air demonstrate distinct mechanisms for gene silencing, influencing overlapping and nonoverlapping genes differently.

    Area of Science:

    • Epigenetics
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial for chromatin organization and epigenetic memory.
    • ncRNAs interact with chromatin-modifying machinery.
    • Xist RNA is known to regulate gene expression via chromatin structure modulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and compare the mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) Kcnq1ot1 and Air in gene silencing.
    • To elucidate the roles of these lncRNAs in organizing chromatin architecture and epigenetic memory.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of recent evidence on Kcnq1ot1 and Air function.
    • Comparative analysis of lncRNA-mediated gene silencing pathways.
    • Examination of interactions with chromatin and recruitment of modifying machinery.

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    Main Results:

    • Kcnq1ot1 and Air lncRNAs silence multiple genes within imprinted gene clusters (Kcnq1 and Igf2r, respectively).
    • Kcnq1ot1 RNA appears critical for bidirectional gene silencing in the Kcnq1 domain, similar to Xist.
    • Air's mechanism involves transcription for overlapping gene silencing and the RNA itself for nonoverlapping gene silencing, akin to Kcnq1ot1 and Xist.

    Conclusions:

    • Distinct lncRNA mechanisms contribute to precise epigenetic regulation.
    • Kcnq1ot1 and Air exhibit unique yet related strategies for silencing genes within their respective domains.
    • Understanding these lncRNA functions is key to comprehending epigenetic memory and chromatin organization.