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Related Concept Videos

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Preparation of Oligomeric β-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices
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Apolipoprotein E4 causes early olfactory network abnormalities and short-term olfactory memory impairments.

Katherine Y Peng1, Paul M Mathews2, Efrat Levy3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA.

Neuroscience
|December 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) impairs olfactory memory in young mice, causing hyperactivity in the olfactory bulb. In aged mice, ApoE4 shifts dysfunction to the piriform cortex, suggesting early olfactory issues may precede Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Keywords:
apolipoprotein Elocal field potentialmemory deficitsolfactionolfactory bulbpiriform cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Evidence suggests ApoE4 influences brain function independently of AD pathology.
  • The specific impact of ApoE4 on olfactory processing remains largely unexamined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ApoE4-driven functional differences in olfactory processing regions.
  • To examine the effects of ApoE4 on olfactory perceptual memory and neural activity.
  • To determine how ApoE4's influence on olfaction changes with age.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized knock-in mice humanized to human ApoE4 versus ApoE3.
  • Recorded in vivo local field potentials (LFPs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PCX).
  • Measured odor response magnitudes and behavioral olfactory deficits in young and middle-aged mice.

Main Results:

  • Young ApoE4 mice showed olfactory deficits and OB hyperactivity compared to ApoE3 mice.
  • Middle-aged ApoE4 mice exhibited heightened PCX responses, not OB hyperactivity, without behavioral deficits.
  • PCX changes in aged ApoE4 mice were linked to dampened spontaneous activity, not increased evoked responses.

Conclusions:

  • Early olfactory memory impairments and OB abnormalities in ApoE4 carriers may precede later PCX network dysfunction.
  • The piriform cortex, an early target in AD, shows age-dependent vulnerability to the ApoE4 genotype.
  • Findings suggest ApoE4's role in olfactory network dysfunction could be an early indicator or contributor to neurodegenerative processes.