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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Na&#239;ve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Charting Developmental Dissolution of Pluripotency.

Joerg Betschinger1

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|December 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding embryonic pluripotency in mouse stem cells reveals key molecular mechanisms of cell identity and developmental progression. This knowledge is vital for regenerative medicine and bioengineering tissues.

Keywords:
developmental progressionembryonic stem cellpluripotencysignalingtranscription factor network

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Plasticity
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Metazoan development involves complex processes of cell differentiation to form diverse tissues and organs from a single genome.
  • Cellular plasticity, the ability of cells to change their identity, is central to understanding developmental progression and disease.
  • Defects in developmental mechanisms can lead to disease, but also present opportunities for therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the fundamental principles of cellular identity and developmental progression.
  • To understand how embryonic pluripotency is captured and maintained in vitro.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disassembly of pluripotency during differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro to study pluripotency.
  • Investigating the molecular underpinnings of a developmental cell state.
  • Analyzing the ordered disassembly of pluripotency during differentiation and lineage specification.

Main Results:

  • In vitro capture of embryonic pluripotency in ESCs provides fundamental insights into developmental cell states.
  • The molecular mechanisms governing pluripotency have been elucidated through ESC models.
  • Ordered disassembly of pluripotency during differentiation is crucial for subsequent lineage specification.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ESC pluripotency offers critical insights into developmental biology.
  • Knowledge of developmental cell states can inform therapeutic strategies for diseases related to cell identity.
  • Exploiting developmental programs holds potential for bioengineering tissues and organs.