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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells
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Obesity: An Immunometabolic Perspective.

Indrani Ray1, Sushil K Mahata2, Rajat K De1

  • 1Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute , Kolkata , India.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|December 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obesity triggers inflammation, leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Immune cells in fat and liver shift to inflammatory types, worsening metabolic dysfunction.

Keywords:
ER stressinsulin resistancemacrophagesnon-alcoholic fatty liver diseasesobesityreactive oxygen speciestype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Obesity is linked to chronic inflammation, a key driver of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • Free fatty acids (FFAs) in obesity promote IR and inflammation in adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and pancreas.
  • Innate immune cells produce cytokines that impair insulin signaling, contributing to IR development.

Approach:

  • This review examines the interplay between the immune system and metabolic changes in obesity.
  • It focuses on adipose tissue and liver alterations and their metabolic consequences.
  • The review synthesits current understanding of immune cell roles in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction.

Key Points:

  • Lean adipose tissue contains anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (ATM2) and NK cells, promoting insulin sensitivity via IL10 secretion.
  • Obesity increases FFAs, CCL2, and TNF-α, recruiting monocytes that differentiate into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (ATM1).
  • ATM1 macrophages release TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and resistin, causing local IR. Pro-inflammatory Kupffer cells and hepatic macrophages also reduce liver insulin sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity-induced immune cell polarization towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes significantly contributes to systemic insulin resistance.
  • Bidirectional interactions between immune responses and metabolic dysregulation in adipose tissue and liver are critical in T2D pathogenesis.
  • Understanding these immune-metabolic links offers potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2D.